Four Hundred Years of Freethought, Part 1
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139
1894
English
- Proem (Preface) - The Past - Bruno; The Present - Ingersoll; and The Future - The Child
- I. Introduction
- II. The Three Voyages - Columbus, Vasco de Gama, and Magellan
- III. Before Columbus
- IV. Astronomy
- V. The Reformation
- VI.1 Philosophy: Bruno
- VI.2 Philosophy: Spinoza
- VII.1 Minor Philosophers: Pomponazzi
- VII.2 Minor Philosophers: Telesio, Campanella, Vanini
- VIII.1 The Critical Philosophy: Descartes, Hobbs & Locke
- VIII.2 The Critical Philosophy: Hume & Kant
- VIII.3 The Critical Philosophy: Hamilton
- VIII.4 The Critical Philosophy: Comte
- IX. The Final Scientific Answer - Monism
- X.1 Education and Ethics: Bacon
- X.2 Education and Ethics: Comenius, Pestalozzi
- X.3 Education and Ethics: Froebel & Combe
- X.4 Education and Ethics: Herbert Spencer & Huxley
- X.5 Education and Ethics: Holyoake
- X.6 Education and Ethics: Owen & Haeckel
- XI.1 Literature: Provencal
- XI.2 Literature: Rabelais, Montaigne & Cervantes
- XI.3 Literature:Mysteries and Moralities, Marlow
- XI.4 Literature: Shakespere
- XII Gibbon
- XIII.1 Voltaire
- XIII.2 How Voltaire Died
- XIII.3 Rousseau, Diderot, the Paris Salon
- XIII.4 The French Revolution
- XIII.5 Thomas Paine
- XIII.6 Condorcet, Volney
- XIV.1 Shelley-Goethe Era
- XIV.2 Shakesperean Era (Homer, Virgil & Milton)
- XIV.3 Modern Poets (Burns, Wordsworth, Scott, Keats, Byron, Lessing, Schiller & Goethe)
- XV. Geology - Age of Man; Age of Earth; Order of Evolution
- XVI.1 Evolution - What is Evolution?
- XVI.2 Evolution - Methods & Proofs
- XVI.3 Evolution - Results - Religion - Morality, Progress
- XVII.1 Modern Europe - Politics (Kossuth, Mazzini)
- XVII.2 Modern Europe - Politics (Garibaldi & Proudhon)
- XVII.3 Modern Europe - Politics (Bakounine, Marx, Lassalle & Gambetta)
- XVII.4 Modern Europe - Politics (Oasteler & Bradlaugh)
- XVIII.1 Modern European Literature: Realism (Tennyson & Swinburne)
- XVIII.2 Modern European Literature: France and Scandanavia: (Massey, Hugo, Zola & Ibsen)
- XVIII.3 Modern European Literature: Russia (Pushkin, Gogol, Turgeneff, Tolstoi & Tchernychewsky)
- XVIII.4 Modern European Literature: Science and Philosophy (Huxley, Tyndale, Mill, Bentham, Humboldt, Heine & Buchner
- XIX.1 America Before the Civil War - Paine and Jefferson
- XIX.2 America Before the Civil War - William Lloyd Garrison
- XIX.3 America Before the Civil War - Freethought (Bryant, Poe, Thoreau & Emerson)
- XX.1 Woman's Emancipation - the Bible, the Church, the State - Before Christianity
- XX.2 Woman's Emancipation - Woman Herself
- XXI.1 America Today - Inside Christianity
- XXI.2 America Today - Outside Christianity; Walt Whitman
- XX1.3 America Today - Outside Christianity; Ingersoll
This is Samuel Putnam's tour of European literature which began to appear once the globe was circumnavigated and the printing press made books more available, which encouraged thinking and questioning beyond the confines of the Bible and provincial customs. It traces the modernization of education as we learned more about the universe -- astronomy, physics and science, philosophy -- and delved into understanding our own natures beyond religious constraints. It begins with Giordano Bruno, then bounces around among an array of philosophers - Bruno, Spinoza, Descartes, Locke, Spencer, Heeckel, etc., while making a sweep through Literature, the discovery of America, the French and American Revolutions, America's Civil War, playwrights like Shakespeare, agnostics like Ingersoll and Paine, the major and minor poets of Europe and America, geology, evolution, politics, nature, ethics, women's emancipation, and evaluates the influence of freethought in the Western world as of the 1890's. Putnam was a highly accomplished and prolific writer and poet, easy to follow yet often profound. (Summary by Michele Fry, BC)
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